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Surge of Marshallese Adoptions in Northwest Arkansas Leads to Calls for Reform

Jacqueline Froelich
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Arkansas Public Media

As many as 15,000 people from the Republic of the Marshall Islands have moved to Northwest Arkansas to work, obtain health care and raise their children. But unlike the American nuclear family, islanders traditionally may relinquish their children to the care of relatives and clan members, if in dire need. By extension, a growing number of impoverished pregnant Marshallese women in Arkansas are consenting to private legal adoptions to improve their children’s welfare as well as to secure medical and living expenses. But some may not understand that they risk losing all contact with their child, under traditional Arkansas adoption rules. This autumn, community advocates and lawyers are laboring to protect the interests of both islander birth moms and parents wishing to adopt Marshallese babies. 

A majority of private adoptions in northwest Arkansas now involve Marshallese birth mothers, says Melisa Laelan. She’s founder and president of Arkansas Coalition of Marshallese headquartered in Springdale. The nonprofit agency assists migrant islanders with legal and residency questions. But as a Marshallese court interpreter, Laelan says she’s witnessing too many Marshallese child adoption consent proceedings. 

“The culprit of all this is the money,” she says.

Credit Jacqueline Froelich / Arkansas Public Media
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Arkansas Public Media
Melisa Laelan, founder and executive director of Arkansas Coalition of Marshallese in Springdale works for the welfare of Marshallese migrants.

Unemployment in the Republic of the Marshall Islands hovers around 36 percent.  That's led thousands of Marshallese to legally migrate to the U.S. under a special compact from the Marshall Islands, comprised of two chains of volcanic islands and coral atolls far out in the central Pacific Ocean. 

Laelan says once here, a growing number of pregnant Marshallese women are engaging in private adoptions, lured by offers of cash and comfortable futures for their children.

“But sometimes they don’t know that it’s a closed adoption,” Laelan says, “that the child won’t come back to them.”

“Traditional Marshallese adoptions back home,” she says, “never require paperwork. Whoever takes care of the child is considered family, the parents for that child, so it really flows freely.”

“But that becomes a problem,” she says, “when you come to the U.S., when the legal relationship is important and needs to be distinguished for providers, like schools, doctors, and clinics who need to see paperwork.”

Islanders are accustomed to informal open adoptions back home, she says, where some experts estimate as many as a quarter pitch in and help take care of children from struggling families. Laelan says relations between birth mothers and babies are naturally maintained.

But in Arkansas, private adoptionsare a complex legal procedures, and unless clearly negotiated, contact is broken between birth parents and children. Laelan says this may not always be made clear, given they are paid to represent only the interests of adoptive parents, not birth mothers.

“A majority of them do not have attorneys sitting next to them,” she says, “so who knows what’s been said to them behind the scene.”

U.S. states are required to approve and report public agency adoptions and foster cases. But in 1975, states were no longer required to track private adoptions. Private Arkansas adoption agencies are licensed through the state child welfare board. But independent adoption attorneys, who operate with no regulatory oversight, can earn more than $15,000 per adoption.

Private adoption data is tabulated by county probate courts, but clerks queried for this report say the data is not broken down by ethnicity. More than 4,000 private adoptions have occurred in Benton County, according to probate court records and thousands more in Washington County over the past two decades. But the actual number of Marshallese adoptions taking place in Arkansas is unknown.

Washington County Circuit Court Judge Doug Martin who hears adoption consent cases estimates that as many as ninety percent in recent years involve Marshallese children.

“Here in northwest Arkansas it’s clear that most of the birth mothers are doing it out of financial need,” Martin says.

Credit Arkansas Judiciary / Arkansas Public Media
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Arkansas Public Media
Washington County Circuit Court Judge Doug Martin says a majority of adoption consent cases in his court involve U.S. born Marshallese children.

Martin says he closely monitors all adoption proceedings in his courtroom, and with the help of translators, makes sure non-English speaking mothers understand what’s about to happen.

“Awareness is the best thing we can do,” Martin says.

Laelan says more pregnant Marshallese women are coming through her office than ever before with adoption questions.

The demand for Marshallese babies began to rise  in the early 2000s after bans and limits were placed on international adoptions by nations including Russia, Romania, South Korea, China and most recently Ethiopia. International adoptions have declined by more than 70 percent.

Since then, images of adorable islander babies have circulated on adoption websites, as have certain private adoption lawyers claiming to specialize in Marshallese adoption. 

The RMI government in 2003 barred travel by pregnant islanders to the U.S. for purposes of adoption, creating a Central Adoption Authority. The travel ban constitutionally could not be enforced, but it also bars international adoption agencies from facilitating or soliciting Marshallese adoptions.

Offshore adoptions by Marshallese nationals diminished for a time, but reportedly are increasing.

The RMI also seeks to reduce the number of American-born islander children privately adopted in American states.

A legislative proposal to limit the adoption of Marshallese children in Arkansas was drafted last winter by Rep. Jeff Williams, R-Springdale. But he withdrew the measure after constitutional concerns were raised.

“If you call out a particular ethnicity in a law then you run into equal protection issues that are immediately problematic,” says Benton County Attorney,Josh Bryant

Credit Josh Bryant / FACEBOOK
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FACEBOOK
Josh Bryant, a northwest Arkansas attorney is working to reform Arkansas adoption laws.

Bryant is working to overhaul Arkansas's private adoption laws.

“We have been able to do a limited amount of research, and we’ve seen in Washington and Benton Counties about half the private adoptions are Marshallese,” he says. “The Marshallese population only makes up between two and four percent of the population here in northwest Arkansas, so that’s a gross disparity.

This summer Bryant drafted an adoption reform bill which he’s shared with sitting members of the state legislature, he says, searching for sponsors. The measure, he says, aims to protect both birth mothers and adoptive parents.

Bryant’s ten-page documentis broad, most notably making it a felony to solicit a pregnant woman for a private adoption.

“Our legislation would appoint an attorney, an advocate for that biological mother,” he says, “to make sure they’ve not been coerced or promised something they are not supposed to be promised, that this is a free and voluntary choice.”

The measure, if sponsored and approved, would make transparent all private adoption monetary transactions including attorneys’ fees and birth mothers’ compensation. He says under current law adoptive parents have to file with the court a statement of how money is spent, but billings and payments are not fully itemized.

Bryant also aims to expand the legal definition of human trafficking in Arkansas.

“To include moving people for the purpose of adoption,” he says.

Arrest photos of Arkansas Marshallese birth mothers charged with breaching adoption consent agreements began to appear in northwest Arkansas news media several years ago.

Credit Benton County Sheriff's Department & Jail
Bing Domnick, a Marshallese woman living in Springdale pleaded guilty in August to committing adoption fraud. Marshallese advocates worry individuals like Bing are being coerced into engaging in fraudulent adoption activity.

“There are some biological mothers who are being manipulated into believing what they are doing is okay,” he says. “I’ve seen and heard stories that biological mothers have had outside third parties convince them to use a different attorney and interrupt an adoption. We call them fixers, or brokers. That’s clear adoption fraud.”

Bryant says in Arkansas, once a biological parent relinquishes parental rights they have ten days to change their mind.

Bryant says federal investigations into Marshallese adoption trafficking in northwest Arkansas are ongoing, but would not elaborate.

“I have talked with the FBI and the U.S. Attorney’s office and were told to keep those conversations confidential,” he says.

An email query by Arkansas Public Media to the U.S. Attorney’s Western District Office in Fort Smith yielded a response saying no comment.

Bryant says he understands clearly what’s at stake, having openly adopted two Marshallese children. He later learned after adopting his first son two years ago that the birth mom had been handled by a baby broker.

“Hearing that she was solicited to place her child up for adoption, that she was promised help?” he says. “That angered me, saddened me. We are better than that in northwest Arkansas. And that’s what motivated me to do something about it.”

In recent years, online Marshallese adoption social support networks have formed in the U.S. to exchange best practices about ethical adoption and raising of Marshallese children. 

Michaela Montie adopted two Marshallese children. They cuddle with her on the couch inside her sprawling suburban Roger’s home, on a recent school day afternoon. Montie says she adopted her elder son, Asher, in 2013, when he was an infant. He’s turning five this month.

Credit Jacqueline Froelich / Arkansas Public Media
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Arkansas Public Media
Michaela Montie sits for an interview with her two adopted Marshallese sons.

“And thru that experienced we quickly realized that our birth mom had not received a lot of social services support that we thought she would be receiving,” she says, “or access to medical care.

So when Montie adopted Asher’s baby brother, Kade, in 2015, she took control of her birth mom’s prenatal care and comfort.

“I essentially acted as her advocate during that pregnancy,” she says, “and helped take her to medical appointments, get her set up for social security benefits she was eligible for, and getting her connected to the community and the resources we have here.”

Arkansas-born islander children became eligible, early this year, for publicly-subsidized Medicaid health insurance, called AR Kids First. But enrollment so far has been scant.  

It’s too early to tell if the benefit will reduce the number of Marshallese women giving up their American-born babies for adoption.

Credit Arkansas Advocates for Children and Families
Two little Marshallese girls receive a medical checkup.

Michaela Montie is offering to help to any Marshallese birth mother engaging in private adoption through her new nonprofit agency called “Shared Beginnings.”

“We provide legal representation and help make sure that they understand their rights and responsibilities throughout the whole adoption process,” she says.

The services are free to birth moms she says.

Kade suddenly begins to whimper and squirm, so Montie carries him to the kitchen to grab some orange popsicles from the freezer. Both boys, grinning, take the treats into the back yard to enjoy, in the warm autumn sunlight.

Credit Jacqueline Froelich / Arkansas Public Media
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Arkansas Public Media
Adopted Marshallese brothers, Asher and Kade Montie enjoy popsicles in their back yard in Rogers.

Montie says she negotiated an open adoption with both boys, and is learning Marshallese phrases and traditions such as kemem. The indigenous ceremony marks the passage of a one-year birthday, a major event on the remote and impoverished Pacific archipelago.

“For Kade’s first birthday we invited his biological family out,” Montie says.

Marshallese community leader Melisa Laelan says learning about Marshallese culture and maintaining family connections between birth and adoptive families is very important, but she’s encouraging islander birth moms to choose kinship adoption and guardianships to ensure islander children are raised by Marshallese -- softly reciting an islander proverb.   

“Which means basically the protection of the mother will stay forever.”

Another islander proverb says a child will always follow the prevailing wind back to their birth mother.

This story is produced by Arkansas Public Media. What's that? APM is a nonprofit journalism project for all of Arkansas and a collaboration among public media in the state. We're funded in part through a grant from the Corporation for Public Broadcasting, with the support of partner stations KUAR, KUAF, KASU and KTXK. And, we hope, from you! You can learn more and support Arkansas Public Media's reporting at arkansaspublicmedia.org. Arkansas Public Media is Natural State news with context.

Jacqueline Froelich is an award-winning senior news reporter for KUAF-91.3 FM in Fayetteville where she is a long-time station-based correspondent for NPR in Washington D.C. She covers energy, business, education, politics, the environment, and culture. Her work is broadcast locally on KUAF’s daily news magazine, “Ozarks At Large,” and statewide on Arkansas’s three public radio affiliates.
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